# Author: Ghost# Email: jiaci.liu@gmail.com'''1-Review of last week2-interface class, abstract class3-packing4-special methods    classmethod    staticmethod    property5-reflection  ******************    __hasattr__    __getattr__    __setattr__    __delattr__6-advanced special methods    __call__    __new__    __getitem__    __setitem__    __delitem__7-time, random,''''''Review: combination'''# class A:#     name = 'alex'#     def __init__(self, name1, age1):#         self.name1 = name1#         self.age1 = age1##     def func(self):#         print(self.name1)#         print(self.name)##     def func1(self):#         print(self.age1)## class B:#     name2 = 'xiaobai'#     def func3(self):#         print('in func3')## obj = A('isa', 24)# objB = B()## obj.new = objB# print(obj.new.name2)# class A:#     n1 = '太白'##     def __init__(self, name1, age1):#         self.name = name1#         self.age = age1##     def func(self):#         print(self.name)#         self.func1()#         print(self.n1)#         print(666)##     def func1(self):#         print(777)## obj = A('alex', 73)# # obj.func()## class B:#     n2 = 'WuSir'##     def func3(self):#         print('in func3')## b1 = B()# obj.b = b1  # 组合 给对象新添加了一个属性'b'# print(obj.b.n2)# print(obj.__dict__)'''single inheritage '''# class A:#     name = 'alex'##     def func(self):#         print('IN A')### class B(A):#     name = '太白'##     def func(self):#         # 下面两种表示方法作用相同：#         # A.func(self)#         # super().func()#         # super放前面则先执行A中的function， super放后面则先执行B中的#         print('IN b')#         super().func()### obj = B()# print(obj.name)# obj.func()# 1. seek for 'name/obj' in current class first,# if 'name/obj' exists, then execute, otherwise parent class will be checked# 2. if attributes of parent class require to be inherited,# attributes with exact names should not be defined in current class'''execution sequence of dynamic and static attributes (functions)1. seek for __init__() and execute it2. seek for destination function in current object-->current class of the object-->parent class'''# class Parent:#     def func(self):#         print('in Parent func')##     def __init__(self):#         self.func()## class Son(Parent):#     def func(self):#         print('in Son func')## son1 = Son()# class Parent:#     def func(self):#         print(self.name)#         print('parent')##     def __init__(self, name):#         self.name = name## class SON(Parent):#     def func(self):#         print('son')# obj = SON('xiaobai')# obj.func()'''Interview questions:1. attributes assignment inside of functions of a class cannot be referenced, eg.:c, t;2. corresponding attributes of class cannot be reassigned if they were only reassigned in object; '''# class A:#     a = 0#     b = 1#     def __init__(self):#         c = 222##     def func(self):#         t = 444## d = A()# d.a = 'new a'# d.b = 'new b'# d.c = 'new c'# print(d.__dict__)# print(A.__dict__)  # c, t are not inside of the dict of Class A## print(A.c)  # AttributeError: type object 'A' has no attribute 'c'# print(A.t)  # AttributeError: type object 'A' has no attribute 'c''''interface class'''# from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod# class Pay(metaclass=ABCMeta):#     @abstractmethod#     def pay(self, money):#         pass## class AliPay(Pay):#     def pay(self, money):#         print('alipay %s' % money)## class wechat(Pay):#     def pay(self, money):#         print('wechat %s' % money)## class QQpay(Pay):#     def qqpay(self, money):#         print('qqpay %s' % money)## obj = QQpay()# obj.qqpay(11) # TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class QQpay with abstract methods pay'''packing of class:# 私有成员：私有变量,私有对象属性，私有方法# 私有成员：类外面不可以访问，派生类不可以访问，类内面可以访问'''# class A:#     normattr = 'this is a normal attribute'#     __name = 'this is a private attribute'##     def __init__(self, name, item):#         self.name = name  # normal object attribute#         self.__privateattr = item  # private object attribute##     def func1(self):#         print('this is a normal function')#         self.__privatefunc()##     def __privatefunc(self):#         print(self.__name)#         print('this is a private object function')##     @property#     def func2(self):#         pass##     @staticmethod#     def func3():#         pass##     @classmethod#     def func4(cls):#         pass## class AA(A):#     pass## obj = A('parent class', 12)# # obj.__privatefunc()  # AttributeError: type object 'A' has no attribute '__privatefunc'# # obj.__name  # AttributeError: 'A' object has no attribute '__name'# # obj.func1()## son = AA('son class', 12)# # son.__name  # AttributeError: 'AA' object has no attribute '__name'# # son.__privatefunc()  # AttributeError: 'AA' object has no attribute '__privatefunc'# son.func1()'''@classmethod# 类方法：必须通过类的调用，而且此方法的意义：就是对类里面的变量或者方法进行修改添加。'''# class A:#     def __init__(self, name, age):#         self.name = name#         self.age = age##     def func(self):#         print('this is a normal function')##     @classmethod#     def func2(cls, area, name1):#         cls.area = area#         cls.name = name1## obj = A('name1', 32)# obj.name = 'name2'# obj.age = 22# print(obj.__dict__)## obj.func2('area', 'name3')  # A.func2('area', 'name3') 可以实现相同的效果# print(obj.__dict__)# print(A.__dict__)'''calculate how many times that One class has been sampled'''# class C:#     count = 0#     def __init__(self):#         C.cou()##     @classmethod#     def cou(cls):#         cls.count += 1## obj = C()# obj = C()# obj = C()# obj = C()# obj = C()# print(C.count)'''@staticmethod# 静态方法: 就是一个不依赖类以及对象的一个普通函数，为什么在类里面？# 为了保证代码的一致性，可调控性，整洁性。'''# class D:#     def __init__(self):#         print('initiation')##     @staticmethod#     def static_func(name, age):#         print(name, age)## obj = D()# D.static_func('xiaobai', 15)'''@property'''# class F(object):#     def __init__(self, name, age):#         self.name = name#         self.age = age##     def func(self):#         print('this is a normal function')##     @property#     def property_func(self, value):#         self.name = value#         print('this is a property')##     @property_func.setter#     def property_func(self, value):#         self.name = value#         print(self.name)#         print('this is setter')##     @property_func.getter#     def property_func(self):#         return 'this is getter'##     @property_func.deleter#     def property_func(self):#         print('this is deleter')### obj = F('alex', 12)# obj.property_func = 'test setter'# print(obj.name)# print(obj.property_func)# del obj.property_func'''苹果：原始价位8元，折扣价格：0.8'''# class Produc:#     def __init__(self, name, origin_price, discount):#         self.name = name#         self.__origin_price = origin_price#         self.__discount = discount##     @property#     def Price(self):#         return self.__origin_price*self.__discount##     @Price.setter#     def Price(self, new_price):#         self.__origin_price = new_price## obj = Produc('apple', 20, 0.8)# print(obj.Price)# obj.Price = 30# print(obj.Price)# print(obj.__dict__)# class Product:##     def __init__(self, name, origin_price, discount):#         self.name = name#         self.__origin_price = origin_price#         self.__discount = discount#     @property#     def price(self):#         return self.__origin_price * self.__discount##     @price.setter#     def price(self, new_price):#         self.__origin_price = new_price# apple = Product('苹果', 8, 0.95)# # print(apple.price)# apple.price = 7# print(apple.price)'''反射！！！！# 反射：通过 字符串 去操作对象(实例化对象 类, 模块)。# hasattr() getattr() ***# setattr() delattr() *# 对实例化对象的示例# isinstance(obj, class): whether obj is an object of class or not# issubclass(class1, class2): whether class1 is a subclass of class2 or not'''# class A:#     pass## class B(A):#     pass## obj = B()# print(isinstance(obj, B))# print(issubclass(A, B))# class A:#     name = 'alex'#     age = 23##     def __init__(self, gender, area):#         self.gender = gender#         self.area = area##     def func(self):#         print(self.gender)## obj = A('male', 'shandong')# # ret = getattr(obj, 'name')# ret = getattr(obj, 'func')# ret()# # ret1 = hasattr(obj, 'func')# print(ret1)  # False# ret2 = setattr(obj, 'height', 1.8)# # ret3 = delattr(obj, 'func') #AttributeError: func (object has no function attributes)# # delattr(A, 'func')# print(ret)# print(ret1)# print(obj.__dict__)# print(A.__dict__)# 对类# class A:##     name = 'alex'#     def __init__(self):#         pass##     def func(self):#         print('IN func')## # print(getattr(A, 'name'))# # ret = getattr(A, 'func')# # ret(1)# ret = input('>>>>')  # 'func'# f1 = getattr(A, ret)(1)# 对当前模块(文件)# def func():#     print('in func')### import sys## current_module = sys.modules[__name__]## getattr(current_module, 'func')()## 对其他模块(文件)# import fs# print(getattr(fs, 'name'))# ret = getattr(fs, 'func')# ret()## # call the function in class in another module# getattr(fs.test, 'func2')(1) # TypeError: func2() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self'# import fs## print(getattr(fs,'n1'))# ret = getattr(fs,'func')# ret()## # 方法一：# clas = getattr(fs, 'A')# print(clas.name)## # 方法二：# print(getattr(fs.A, 'name'))# getattr(fs.A, 'func2')(1)'''double-underlined function1, __str__, __len__, 把对象当作字符串进行一系列操作时，对应的反应，必须包含return，且return必须返回对应操作需返回的数据类型；'''# # class A:#     def __init__(self):#         self.a=1#         self.b=2#         pass# #     def __str__(self):#         print('this is __str__ method')#         return '__str__ return'# #     def __len__(self):#         print('this is __len__ method')#         return len(self.__dict__)# #     def __hash__(self):#         return hash(str(self.a))# #     def __repr__(self):#         return 'this is __repr__'# #     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):#         return# #     def __eq__(self, other):#         if self.a == other:#             return True#         else:#             return False# #     def __del__(self):#         return 'this is deleting an object'# # # obj = A()# print(obj)# print(len(obj))  # TypeError: object of type 'A' has no len()# print(hash(obj))# print(repr(obj))# print('%r' % obj)  # %r, show initial data type# test_repr = '123'# print('%r' % test_repr)  # '123'# print('%s' % test_repr)  # 123# print(obj == 4)# class A:#     def __init__(self):#         pass#     def __str__(self):#         print(666)#         return '太白'# a = A()# # print(a)# ret = '姓名：%s' % a# print(ret)# class A:#     def __init__(self):#         pass#     def __repr__(self):#         return '太白'# a = A()# # print(repr(a))# print('%r'%a)# class Foo:##     def __init__(self):#         pass##     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):#         print(args)#         print('__call__')## obj = Foo()# obj('WuSir', 'alex')  # 对象() 触发 __call__()方法# __new__# 讨论的 __init__  __new__ 先后顺序# class A:#     def __init__(self):#         self.x = 1#         print('in init')##     def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):#         print('in __new__')#         return object.__new__(cls)## obj = A()# print(obj.x)# 设计模式：单例模式：让一个类的实例化对象有且只有一个。 ***# class A:#     pass# ret = A()# ret1 = A()# print(ret, ret1)# class A:#     __instance = None#     def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):#         if cls.__instance is None:#             obj = object.__new__(cls)#             cls.__instance = obj#         return cls.__instance## ret1 = A()# ret2 = A()# ret3 = A()# print(ret1, ret2, ret3)# __item__系列 __getitem__  __setitem__ __delitem__ ***# 对一个对象进行类似于字典的操作，就会触发__item__系列的某个方法。# class Foo:#     def __init__(self, name):#         self.name = name##     # def __getitem__(self, item):#     #     # print('__getitem__此方法执行了')#     #     # print(item)#     #     # return self.item  # self.'name'#     #     return self.__dict__[item]#     # def __setitem__(self, key, value):#     #     self.key = value##     def __delitem__(self, key):#         print('del obj[key]时,我执行')#         # self.__dict__.pop(key)#     # def __delattr__(self, item):#     #     print('del obj.key时,我执行')#     #     self.__dict__.pop(item)### f = Foo('alex')# # print(f['name'])# # f['age'] = 25# del f['name']# print(f.__dict__)'''serializable modules: pkl, json, shelvejson: 网络传输1. json.dump(obj, fp)方法接收一个文件句柄，直接将字典转换成json字符串写入文件2. json.load(fp)方法接收一个文件句柄，直接将文件中的json字符串转换成数据结构返回'''# import json# json.dumps()/json.loads() are for data transmission between different tools,# eg., python and Java# dic = {'name': 'alex', 'age': 18, 'gender': 'male'}# ret = json.dumps(dic, ensure_ascii=False)  # 序列化过程 ： 就是变成一个特殊的字符串# print(ret)  # json-typed string are characterized with double quotes# print(dic)  # python-typed string are characterized with single quotes## result = json.loads(ret)  # 反序列化：将序列化的特殊字符串反解成原来的类型。# print(result)# dic.dump()/dic.load():# f = open('json_file', 'w')# ret = json.dump(dic, f)# json.dump(): requires two arguments, content that required to be written, and file that required to be written in# f.close()# f = open('json_file', 'r')# print(json.load(f))# # json.load() : only file to be read is necessary# f.close()# exercise 2# dic2 = {
    #     1: {'name': 'alex', 'age': 23, 'gender': 'male'},#     2: {'name': 'alex', 'age': 23, 'gender': 'female'},#     3: {'name': 'alex', 'age': 23, 'gender': 'male'},#     4: {'name': 'alex', 'age': 23, 'gender': 'male'}# }# dumps/loads# ret = json.dumps(dic2, ensure_ascii=False)# print(ret)# print(json.loads(ret))# dump/load# f1 = open('json_file2', 'w')# json.dump(dic2, f1)# f2.close()# f2 = open('json_file2', 'r')# print(json.load(f2))# f2.close()'''pkl:只用于Python语言之间的传输，包含所有的python支持的数据类型。pickle.dump()/pickle.load():写入文件  (这个不仅可以写常规的数据，还可以将对象写入)'''import pickle# dic = {'name': 'xiaobai', 'age': 22, 'gender': 'male'}# ret = pickle.dumps(dic)# print(ret)## print(pickle.loads(ret))# f1 = open('pkl_file', 'wb')  # data in bytes-type was written# pickle.dump(dic, f1)# f1.close()## f2 = open('pkl_file', 'rb')  # default mode='r', 'rb' has to be set# print(pickle.load(f2))# class A:#     name = 'xiaobai'#     def func(self):#         print(111)## f1 = open('pkl_file2', 'wb')# pickle.dump(A, f1)# f1.close()## f2 = open('pkl_file2', 'rb')# pickle.load(f2).func(1)'''random package'''# import random# stupied method# def select():#     char_lis = []#     num_lis =[]#     for i in range(97, 123):#         char_lis.append(chr(i))#     for i in range(0, 10):#         num_lis.append(i)#     i = 0#     code =''#     while i < 5:#         i += 1#         a = random.sample(char_lis)#         b = random.sample(num_lis)#         c = random.sample(a, b)#         code += c#     return code# print(select())# smarter one: create random codes including capitalized and lower-cased characters and numbers# def code():#     codes = ''#     for i in range(1, 6):#         num = str(random.randint(0, 9))#         capitalized_char = chr(random.randint(97, 122))#         lowercased_char = chr(random.randint(65, 90))#         c1 = random.choice([num, capitalized_char, lowercased_char])#         codes += c1#     return codes### print(code())## print(random.sample([1, 3, 5, 'a'], 2))  # two arguments required: iterable para, number# print(random.random())  # return float between 0-1# print(random.randrange(1, 3))  # randrange: exclude lower bound# print(random.randint(10, 11))  # randint: include lower bound# print(random.uniform(0, 10))  # float between upper and lower bounds